PRO-INFLAMMATORY

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 Pro-inflammatory" refers to substances that trigger or enhance inflammation, the body’s natural response to infection or injury. These include molecules such as cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-1β) and prostaglandins, which signal and activate immune cells to combat pathogens and support tissue repair. Although crucial for immediate defense, sustained or excessive pro-inflammatory activity can contribute to chronic inflammation and tissue damage.

Examples of Pro-inflammatory Substances

  • Cytokines: Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-1 (IL-1), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6).

  • Lipid Mediators: Prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are produced at the site of injury to promote inflammation.

When Pro-inflammatory Responses Become Harmful

  • Chronic Inflammation: If the inflammatory response lasts too long or stays overactive, it can cause chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

  • Tissue Damage: Instead of only targeting harmful microbes, excessive inflammation can also harm the body’s own tissues.

  • Sepsis: Extremely high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines can lead to sepsis, a severe and life-threatening whole-body inflammatory reaction.

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