HISTORY AND RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

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  • The Roman philosopher Lucretius (about 98-55 B.C.) and the physician GirolamoFracastoro (1478-1553) suspected that disease was caused by invisible living creatures, their existence and responsibility for disease. Even before microorganism were seen.

• 1590-1608 Jansen develops first useful compound microscope.

• In 1665, the first drawing of a microorganism was published in Robert Hooke's Micrographic. However, the first person to publish extensive, accurate observation of microorganisms was Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723).

• Some important events in the development of microbiology were listed below.

RECENT DEVELOPMENT

• In 1980 developed Scanning tunnelling microscope

• 1982- Recombinant Hepatitis B Vaccine developed

• 1983-1984- HIV isolated and identified by Gallo and Montagnier

• 1986 -First vaccine developed by genetic engineering approved for human use

• 1990- First human gene therapy testing begun

• 1992- First human trials of antisense therapy

• 1996 -Methanococcus jannaschii and yeast genomes sequenced.

• 1997 -Largest known bacterium Thiomargarita namibiensis discovered

• 2000 -Discovered that vibrio cholera has two chromosome

• 2002 -Infectious poliovirus synthesized from chemicals

• 2005- Super resistant HIV strains isolated in New York.

YEAR

INVESTIGATOR

CONTRIBUTION

1676

Leeuwenhoek

Animacules

1688

Francesco Redi

Refuse spontaneous generation

1765-1776

Lazzaro Spallanzoni

Attacks spontaneous generation

1798

Edward Jenner

Cowpox vaccine for smallpox

1838-1839

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden

Propose cell theory

1835-1844

Bsaai

Silkworm disease caused by fungus

1847-1850

Semmelweis

Introduce antiseptic to prevent disease.

1857

Louis Pasteur

Describes fermentation

1861

Louis Pasteur

Disprove the spontaneous generation

1876-1877

Robert Koch

Demonstrates anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis.

1880

Laveran

Discovered plasmodium, the cause of malaria

1881

Robert Koch

 

 

Louis Pasteur

Cultures the bacteria on gelatine

 

Developed anthrax vaccine

1882

Robert Koch

Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis

1884

Robert Koch

Published Koch’s postulates.

1885

Louis Pasteur

Developed rabies vaccine

1887

Richard Julius Petri

Developed Petri dish

1889

Beijerinck

Isolated root nodule bacteria.

1890

Von Behring

Antitoxin for diptheria and tetanus.

1896

Van Ermengem

Discovered Clastridium botulinum.

1899

Beijerinck

Proved virus cause tobacco mosaic disease.

1900

Reed

Proved yellow fever transmitted from mosquito

1903

Wright and others

Discover antibodies

1905

Schaudian and Hoffman

Showed Treponema pallidum causes syphilis

1906

Wassermann

Developed complement fixation test for syphilis

1911

Rous

Discovered a virus can cause cancer

1915-1917

D’Herelle and Twort

Discover bacterial viruses

1928

Frederick Griffith

Discovered bacterial transformation

1929

Alexander Fleming

Discovered pencillin

1931

Van Niel

Studied photosynthetic bacteria

1933

Ernst August Friedrich Ruska

Developed Electron microscope

1937

Édouard  Chatton

Divided living organisms into prokaryotes and eukaryotes

1941

Beadle and Tatum

Proposed one gene one enzyme theory.

1944

Selman Abraham Waksman

Discovered streptomycin

1949

John Franklin Enters, Thomas Huckle weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins

Grow poliovirus in human tissue culture

1959

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow

Discovered radio immune assay

1977

Carl Richard Woses

Divided prokaryotes into Bacteria and Archaea




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